解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::Dramatic perturbations of ecological communities through rapid shifts in environmental regime do not always result in complete mortality of residents. Instead, legacy individuals may remain and influence the succession and composition of subsequent communities. We used a reciprocal transplant experiment to investigate...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1390-1
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The population dynamics of Antarctic seabirds are influenced by variations in winter sea ice extent and persistence; however, the type of relationship differs according to the region and the demographic parameter considered. We used annual presence/absence data obtained from 1,138 individually marked birds to study th...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1387-9
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Traditionally it has been thought that most boreal forest communities lack a significant input of biologically fixed nitrogen. Recent discoveries of nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria associated with mosses have resulted in a re-evaluation of this view. While it is recognized that rates of nitrogen fixation in mosses ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1391-0
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parasites often produce large numbers of offspring within their hosts. High parasite burdens are thought to be important for parasite transmission, but can also lower host fitness. We studied the protozoan Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, a common parasite of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), to quantify the benefit...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1361-6
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Small changes in environmental conditions can unexpectedly tip an ecosystem from one community type to another, and these often irreversible shifts have been observed in semi-arid grasslands, freshwater lakes and ponds, coral reefs, and kelp forests. A commonly accepted explanation is that these ecosystems contain mul...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1350-9
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Resource supply and pollen delivery are often thought to equally limit seed production in animal-pollinated plants. At equilibrium, plants should show no response to experimental pollen supplementation because resources limit seed set above the current level of pollen attraction, while experimental reduction in pollen...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1337-6
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allelochemicals defend plants against herbivore and pathogen attack aboveground and belowground. Whether such plant defenses incur ecological costs by reducing benefits from plant mutualistic symbionts is largely unknown. We explored a potential trade-off between inherent plant chemical defense and belowground mutuali...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1312-2
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of low intensity continuous light, e.g., in the High Arctic summer, on plant carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionations is unknown. We conducted greenhouse experiments to test the impact of light quantity and duration on both carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of three deciduous conifers whose fossil ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1321-1
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Large-scale ocean-atmosphere physical dynamics can have profound impacts on the structure and organization of marine ecosystems. These changes have been termed "regime shifts", and five different episodes have been detected in the North Pacific Ocean, with concurrent changes also occurring in the Bering and Beaufort S...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1300-6
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aboveground herbivory is well known to change plant growth and defence. In contrast, effects of soil organisms, acting alone or in concert, on allocation patterns are less well understood. We investigated separate and combined effects of the endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa and the root feeding nemat...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1306-0
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The similarity in species composition between two communities generally decays as a function of increasing distance between them. Parasite communities in vertebrate definitive hosts follow this pattern but the respective relationship in intermediate invertebrate hosts of parasites with complex life cycles is unknown. ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1276-2
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Empirical and modeling studies of the N cycle in temperate forests of eastern North America have focused on the mechanisms regulating the production of inorganic N, and assumed that only inorganic forms of N are available for plant growth. Recent isotope studies in field conditions suggest that amino acid capture is a...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1284-2
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The host specificity of insect parasitoids and herbivores is thought to be shaped by a suite of traits that mediate host acceptance and host suitability. We conducted laboratory experiments to identify mechanisms shaping the host specificity of the aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis. Twenty species of aphids were exp...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1289-x
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) have re-engineered Great Lakes ecosystems since their introduction in the late 1980s. Dreissenids can have major indirect impacts on profundal habitats by redirecting nutrients and energy away from pelagic production (which supplies profundal production) and de...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1271-z
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In long-lived species, adult survival is the population parameter having the highest elasticity, and therefore, it can be expected to be least affected by climatic variations. We studied the dynamics and survival of breeding female common eiders Somateria mollissima mollissima in the Baltic Sea from 1960 to 2007. Usin...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1265-x
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) predicts that species diversity is maximized at moderate disturbance levels. This model is often applied to grassy ecosystems, where disturbance can be important for maintaining vascular plant composition and diversity. However, effects of disturbance type and frequency on...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1260-2
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Restoration of degraded landscapes through replantings of native vegetation has been proceeding in response to habitat loss and fragmentation and plummeting biodiversity. Little is known about whether the investments in ecological restoration have resulted in biodiversity benefits. We evaluated the potential of restor...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1221-9
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Contamination in marine foodwebs is nowadays of great environmental concern owing to the increasing levels of pollution in marine ecosystems from different anthropogenic sources. Seabirds can be used as indicators of regional contaminant patterns across large temporal and spatial scales. We analysed Hg, Se and Pb leve...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1215-7
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calcium is an essential micronutrient for birds during egg formation and for skeletal development in nestlings. Habitat level studies suggest that birds breeding in low-calcium areas may be limited in the size or number of eggs they lay and in the quality of their nestlings. However, as birds forage non-randomly and m...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1222-8
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::As primary producers, plants are known to influence higher trophic interactions by initiating food chains. However, as architects, plants may bypass consumers to directly affect predators with important but underappreciated trophic ramifications. Invasion of western North American grasslands by the perennial forb, spo...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1241-5
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Masting is the intermittent production of large seed crops by a population of plants. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain masting. Variations in seed crop may result from stochastic climate factors (temperature, rainfall, etc.), and/or masting may be a plant evolutionary strategy to avoid specific seed p...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1233-5
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Much of the research into herbivore ecology and evolution has focused on patterns and mechanisms of niche partitioning in the diets of specialized grazers and browsers, but the significance of the balance of grazing and browsing within intermediate feeders present unique questions that have received less attention. We...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1200-1
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tropospheric O(3) and deposition of reactive N threaten the composition and function of natural and semi-natural vegetation even in remote regions. However, little is known about effects of these pollutants individually or in combination on plant species in alpine habitats. We analyzed 11 frequent plant species of a s...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1191-y
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Optimal diet theory often fails to predict a forager's diet choice when prey are mobile. Because they escape or defend themselves, mobile prey are likely to increase the forager's handling time, thereby decreasing its fitness gain rate. Many animals have been shown to select their prey so as to maximize either their f...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1175-y
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The maintenance of separated diploid and polyploid populations within a contact zone is possible due to both prezygotic and postzygotic isolation mechanisms. Niche differentiation between two cytotypes may be an important prezygotic isolating mechanism and can be studied using reciprocal transplant experiments. We inv...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1156-1
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ring-shaped growth patterns commonly occur in resource-limited arid and semi-arid environments. The spatial distribution, geometry, and scale of vegetation growth patterns result from interactions between biotic and abiotic processes, and, in turn, affect the spatial patterns of soil moisture, sediment transport, and ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1164-1
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The growth of metacommunity ecology as a subdiscipline has increased interest in how processes at different spatial scales structure communities. However, there is still a significant knowledge gap with respect to relating the action of niche- and dispersal-assembly mechanisms to observed species distributions across ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1141-8
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deuterium isotope analyses have revolutionized the study of migratory connectivity because global gradients of deuterium in precipitation (deltaD(P)) are expressed on a continental scale. Several authors have constructed continental scale base maps of deltaD(P) to provide a spatial reference for studying the movement ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1143-6
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding social evolution requires us to understand the processes regulating the number of breeders within social groups and how they partition reproduction. Queens in polygynous (multiple queens per colony) ants often seek adoption in established colonies instead of founding a new colony independently. This mode...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1101-3
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many organisms undergo ontogenetic niche shifts due to considerable changes in size during their development. These ontogenetic shifts can alter the trophic position of individuals, the type and strength of ecological interactions across species, and allow for cannibalism within species. In this study we ask if and ho...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1107-x
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ecologists have long debated the role of predation in mediating the coexistence of prey species. Theory has mainly taken a bitrophic perspective that excludes the effects of inducible defenses at different trophic levels. However, inducible defenses could either limit or enhance the effects of predation on coexistence...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1111-1
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is important to understand the role that different predators can have to be able to predict how changes in the predator assemblage may affect the prey community and ecosystem attributes. We tested the effects of different stream predators on macroinvertebrates and ecosystem attributes, in terms of benthic algal bio...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1097-8
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We tested the hypothesis whether differences between plant populations in root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi could be caused by genetic differentiation between populations. In addition, we investigated whether the response to AM fungi differs between plants from different populations and if it is a...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1064-4
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disturbances such as fire, grazing, and soil mixing by animals interact to shape vegetation in grassland ecosystems. Animal-generated disturbances are unique in that they arise from a suite of behaviors that are themselves subject to modification by external factors. The manner in which co-occurring animal taxa intera...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1068-0
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study links summer foraging and scatter-hoarding to winter larder-hoarding and winter survival in yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) by comparing patterns of time allocation and winter larder contents in 2 years with very different levels of resource availability. In 2003, seed production and the number of tr...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1072-4
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The up-regulation of secondary metabolic pathways following herbivore attack and the subsequent reduction in herbivore performance have been identified in numerous woody plant species. Eucalypts constitutively express many secondary metabolites in the leaves, including terpenes and formylated phloroglucinol compounds ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1042-x
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied the nutritional behaviour of hinds foraging on a mixed-forest edge by direct observation of their choices at each season and by measuring nutrient concentration in the plants. We compared nutrient concentrations in the observed diets with those in the total available vegetation, and with those of 1,000 rand...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1020-3
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Compared to terrestrial environments, grazing intensity on belowground plant parts may be particularly strong in aquatic environments, which may have great effects on plant-community structure. We observed that the submerged macrophyte, Potamogeton pectinatus, which mainly reproduces with tubers, often grows at interm...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1010-5
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Relatively few published food webs have included parasites, and in this study we examined the animal community in a stream across eight contiguous seasons to test how inclusion of helminth parasites alters the topology or structure of the food web. Food webs constructed for each season and analyzed using common binary...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-0999-9
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The demographic variability and life history differentiation of two closely related shrubs (Atriplex canescens and A. acanthocarpa) were investigated in the Chihuahuan Desert, and the results were interpreted in the context of theories of coexistence in fluctuating environments. Demographic information was recorded du...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-0980-7
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00